Continuously graded-doped SnO₂ for efficient n–i–p perovskite solar cells

A continuously graded-doped electron transport layer made of SnO₂ significantly enhances the performance and stability of n–i–p structured perovskite solar cells. By creating a gradient in the tin oxide doping concentration, the researchers achieved a power conversion efficiency of 25.8%, surpassing previous benchmarks for this cell architecture.

The graded doping strategy optimizes charge extraction while reducing interfacial recombination losses. Devices maintained over 95% of their initial efficiency after 1,000 hours of continuous illumination under standard test conditions.